Geology Escapades

Last week, I took my only geology field trip of the semester. That's pretty sad for me, because I haven't taken less than three geology field trips in a semester since I've been in college. In fact, by my count, I've been on 14 field trips in just four semesters at Pomona, including 7 overnight trips. That's pretty damn good, especially for such a small department, but that makes just one day trip in a semester a little disappointing.

Of course, I did really enjoy this particular trip, for my 'Metamorphics' class. It's about metamorphic petrology, which is basically looking at rocks which have been deformed over time, and how they became deformed. What's nice is by now, I've taken basically the equivalent of a full semester of metamorphic petrology, including about a half semester back at Pomona, and just over a half semester here at Otago.

For the trip, we drove south from Dunedin as far as Nugget Point, which is at the northern end of the Catlins, a beautiful stretch of coast on the south end of the South Island. You can see why this would be a geologist's paradise: So yeah, that would be layers of rock, but turned so they are completely vertical. Crazy, huh? In fact, they're quite popular among different types of geologists, even. For the paleontologist, there are Jurassic-age bivalve (think clams or scallops) fossils. For the structural geologist, analyzing how this block was rotated is the thing to do. For the metamorphic petrologist, however, this represents the beginning of a type locality for burial metamorphism - a type of metamorphism that often involves only the low pressure and temperatures associated with thick piles of sediments or other rocks. This is something you may see in huge river deltas (think Ganges or Amazon), for instance.

For the slightly more geology-inclined, what we saw at Nugget Point specifically was the very start of metamorphism. Light enough to preserve fossils, but just enough to begin the process of zeolitization - the transition from diagenesis (cementing of sedimentary rocks) to the zeolite facies. The rocks - in this case composed of volcanigenic sediments - appear essentially unchanged; we even found some of those fossils in it. As the day moved on, we moved 'up sequence,' with metamorphic grade increasing more and more, until at our last stop we reached greenschist facies (intermediate grade) rock. I've highlighted the rough temperature-pressure conditions that we saw on the trip on the facies diagram above. What made this interesting, besides the pretty consistent increase in grade, was that all of these rocks all had the same mineralogical parent - that is to say, if you melted all of these rocks and analyzed each melt's composition, it would be the same for all the rocks. Pretty cool.

Milford Sound

That would be Mitre Peak, probably the most photographed mountain in New Zealand, towering over Milford Sound. Holy crap, you can see why. See my heaps of photos here.

So the Butler program took me and pretty much everyone else out there last weekend for our 'adventure weekend,'--probably the best use of the money we pay the program. We rolled out for Te Anau on Friday, staying in a hostel in town. We started Saturday morning by going across Lake Te Anau to the Te Ana-au Caves, which are a far more accessible kind of glowworm caves, compared to the sweet-as (only one 's', yes) ones we saw in Greymouth. It was cool seeing different caves (these were limestone vs. sandstone) and there were tons of glowworms, but walking around on platforms just doesn't have the same coolness factor. Oh well.

After that, we started heading up the two-hour drive to Milford Sound. It was an epic drive, with mountains shooting straight up on either side of the road - I was straining my neck to look up and out the bus windows as best I could. Finally we got to the sound itself, just a dead end road with a bus terminal/boat dock with a half dozen cruise ships moored outside. The picture at the top is what we saw just before we got on the ship.

We weren't on the ship for more than two minutes before we saw our first waterfall, and it was the first of dozens...I couldn't even keep track, because the number of falls fluctuates depending on how much rain they've gotten recently (and there's always a good chance of that, with about 23 feet of rain a year). That waterfall is in the picture here with the red New Zealand flag, used on nautical vessels for whatever reason.

There was SO much to look at on this cruise. The fiord (if that looks funny, it's because most other places spell it as 'fjord') is almost 10 miles long, and has sheer rock faces coming out of the water on either side, 4000 feet up. On the creepy side, those walls go pretty much straight down too, about 1600 feet below the surface.

Of course, all of this spectacular scenery is thanks to the glory of geology in action. In the last couple ice ages, this region was heavily glaciated, and carved into a U-shaped valley, the way it is today. Obviously, there's a lot of evidence for it left. Among the cooler things were the gouge marks in the walls of the fjord. In this picture, they're the lineations going down and to the right, meaning the glacier flowed from left to right, towards the ocean.

Also quite awesome were the many hanging valleys around. These form when you have a smaller glacier flowing from higher up into a larger glacier. The small U-shaped valley, after the glaciers recede, end up sitting above the large valley, often with waterfalls flowing out of them. I just love the perspective of looking up and into one of these valleys, like the picture below, which gives you an idea of the sheer scale of these things.

Okay, okay, enough geology for now. After our sweet cruise, we went back into the dock and were boated out to another cruise ship, anchored in a nearby cove. The ship we got onto was the one we were originally supposed to cruise around on too, but apparently they may have hit some rocks when they got to close to this waterfall - something they usually do all the time. Anyway, this was the ship we were sleeping on for the night. Our group had cabins with two beds in each room - a sweet deal - but by far the best part was the buffet dinner we had that night. I'd forgotten what a huge, delicious, multi-course meal was like.

In the morning, we got a real taste of the sound, when me and 5 others got up at 6:30 and jumped in the water. It seemed like a terrible idea at the time - the anticipation was awful - and once I hit the water, I couldn't decide whether if felt like my skin was burning or freezing. After a frantic doggy paddle over to the back of the boat, I thought it would be a perfect complement to my impending frostbite to jump in the water again. While it may sound like suicide, from the point I got in a hot shower afterward, I was really glad I'd done it. After some kayaking around the sound, we headed for home.

Now, we would have gone for a little hike on our way home, but of course, it was raining. I have the pictures to prove it. Instead, we made for Dunedin a little earlier, but I think getting back to the city at this particular time, just to happen to see this, was worth it, don't you? I'll leave it at that.

The Last Leg!!

YES...my last post about MSB. It's about time. Now let's get on with it!

After we left Golden Bay, we went east past Nelson to a little town called Havelock. We basically used Havelock as a stopover point between Golden Bay and Kaikoura, but it has the added bonus of being right on the Marlborough Sounds, on the northeastern part of the South Island.

Like pretty much every other place we'd been on this trip, the Sounds were fantastic, and we had a great, windy drive along them on the way to Kaikoura, our next major stop. The shot above is from the Queen Charlotte Drive, a really picturesque road between Havelock and Picton.

We got to Kaikoura in the early afternoon, and man, what a town. I immediately regretted the fact that we were only staying there for the night, just from the view we had from the deck of our hostel, as you can see.

This hostel (Dolphin Lodge, for those keeping track/keen on going to NZ), was fucking fantastic. Honestly. It was a pretty nice big house, on a hill above the main part of town. Obviously, great views. There was a hot tub AND a grill on the deck (along with a picnic table), a hammock, and two housecats to keep us company. Not only all this, but we were practically the only people in this entire house (save for one other random student), and we loved it so much we recommended it to our friends who were passing through, so it was a regular party.

There was definitely enough to do in and around Kaikoura for two or three days, but with one day, we weren't sure what we could do, so we call kinda split up and did our own things for a little bit. Andrew, Kelsey and I decided to go out to the tip of the peninsula and go for a walk/hike, especially because we heard about a seal colony there, and most importantly, wicked cool rocks. Anyway, once we got out there, the weather got bad really quickly. In fact, it was the worst weather we'd had all break: dark, ominous clouds, rain out in the distance, and some of the hardest gusting winds we'd ever felt. Of course, this actually turned out to be one of the coolest things we did on the trip. Andrew, Kelsey and I basically all did our best to stand against the wind--they both put their jackets over their heads to act as windcatchers--and you can see the kind of stuff they could do. It was a blast taking pictures of this. The next day, Andrew and I and the friends we met (Carrie and Steph) went biking to a breakfast place, while the rest of the bunch went on a 'swim-with-the-dolphins' cruise. Turned out they didn't swim with them though - there weren't enough of them. Bummer!

Alright, I'm going to roll our last to places into one, for brevity's sake. After the night and breakfast in Kaikoura, Andrew and KC left in Carrie's car to actually go back to Golden Bay so they could do fun stuff in Abel Tasman National Park with the Arcadia study abroad program. The rest of us drove on to Hanmer Springs, a couple hours away. It's a little town near the mountains (not IN them, as their tourist ads may lead some--me--to believe) with natural hot springs that have been piped into a resort run by the town, full of pools of various temperatures. Other highlights: the coolest mini-golf/temple maze (though they are separate courses) place ever, and the 'on 47 Bar & Grill'!!! I need to send this to Pomona, clearly.

The last night of our trip, we drove down to Christchurch (completing the contrived, tourism-conceived Alpine Pacific Triangle). We stayed at a hostel really close to Cathedral Square, the center of the city. We basically spent our time walking around the various markets (leading me to a great purchase - $10 mirrored Aviators) and the Canterbury Museum--home of sweet old-fashioned bikes, among other things.

Alright, that wraps it up! It only took me about 3 weeks to do, so not bad, right? Hopefully soon enough I'll put up pictures and talk about my trip to Milford Sound. Let me just say, it was something. Cheers!

Golden Bay

Here's an ironic little fact that I just realized: I don't think that I have a single photo of Golden Bay, out of the 100+ pictures I took over the 3 nights we spend in the area. How does that happen?

So we stayed at a pretty nice Backpackers called Annie's Nirvana in a little town called Takaka (after weeks of pronouncing it ta-KA-ka, we learned from Simon that we were butchering it, and it's actually TA-ka-ka). The town and Golden Bay in general were pretty full of hippies and their culture, almost reminding me of home - if home also included sheep, rolling grassy hills and snow-capped mountains. Wait.

Taking full advantage of having a sort of base camp for three whole days, we got to make a lot of trips all around the area. Our first one brought us north of Takaka for an hour round trip hike to the beach - we'd heard that this was prime season to see seals (and baby ones too), but we didn't have any idea how lucky we'd be. First we saw about half a dozen young seals playing in a freshwater stream, probably a couple hundred yards from the beach. It was pretty strange seeing seals outside of the ocean, but apparently it happens.

The beach there was really cool, with a bunch of variously-sized dunes there for the climbing (and jumping). Out by the water, we ran into even more seals, this time frolicking in good ol' salt water. I've never taken more pictures of wildlife, but I think it was worth it; these seals were literally 10 feet away, seemingly oblivious to the 5 or so people just standing watching them - I couldn't believe that we could just walk right up to a beach with a bunch of seals (including pups) and not have anyone there to regulate how many people go to that beach, or how close they get to the seals. For the record, I love this. More later. And check out the adorable, makes-you-want-to-puke Kodak moment below for the seal pup.

We did a little shell-collecting too, and found some really cool little spirally white ones that looked like this. At first glance, with their chambered shells, they look like they could be nautiluses, but a little Google sleuthing led me to Spirula spirula, a sort of squid thing.

Annnyway, the rest of the day we spend taking other little hikes near Cape Farewell, the northernmost point on the South Island. To get to the actual point, we basically just parked our van at the end of a little dirt road, and walked over a few hills full of sheep - clearly this is a famous spot. My sarcasm shouldn't degrade the place's beauty, though. Farewell Arch was really cool; besides being generally awesome-looking, the cross-section of the hillside revealed some sweet geology. Looking at the picture, you can see layers of sedimentary rock sloping toward the bottom right, with alternating layers of conglomerate (darker) and sandstone (smooth and light). If you ask me, this represents a depositional environment with changing sea levels, from lower (conglomerate deposited by rivers) to higher (sandstone from the beach/intertidal zone).

The next day we spend exploring another area near Golden Bay, this time going for a hike through the sub-tropical forests along a stream. The trailhead was on the edge of the forest and farms, specifically next to a little snack bar/shop called 'The Naked Possum.' What a quirky place: the outdoors cafe was furnished with a fireplace and large pieces of nice wooden furniture, while just across the driveway was their shop dedicated to selling all things made of possum fur. Also of note, the best meat pie I've ever had: homemade wild venison and wild mushroom, with a plum sauce on the side. Heavenly.

The last couple things we saw were just incredible. On our last day in the Golden Bay area, we first headed to Rawhiti Cave (pronounced Rafiti). All we knew before going was that it's the largest cave opening in the Southern Hemisphere, but to get there, once again, we were driving through farmland, following little signs, which made you wonder...how big could this really be if we have to drive down these little roads just to get there? Well let me tell you, it was HUGE. After a grueling hike up the side of this hill (which we didn't expect) we were blown away at this thing. It was probably 40-50 yards across, and 40-50 feet tall, at the entrance. From there, the cave slopes down steeply into the hillside, but doesn't go very far. We climbed down a little ways, and you can see from the picture how many stalactites ('tight to the ceiling') and stalagmites ('they might reach the top someday'). And of course, this cave is actively forming, as you can see from the steam and water splashes in the picture. Awesome. After the cave, you'd think it couldn't get much better, but it certainly did. We made a nice little drive along the bay to Wainui Bay, a smaller bay within Golden Bay. Holy crap, just look at the pictures to see how beautiful it was there. Not only was the water super blue, and the sky clear and sunny, but the tide was low enough so we could go out on the rocks on the beach and just enjoy the view. To the right is Whariwharangi Bay, at the start of the Abel Tasman Coast Track, one of New Zealand's Great Walks. Also of interest here was that the rocks changed...to those who care, before in Golden Bay we'd already seen sedimentary rocks (pictured at Farewell Arch) and metamorphic rocks (which we saw near the Naked Possum), but here was a huge granite--that would be igneous--outcrop! Crazy stuff.

For fear of being way too long-winded, I want to quickly follow up on something I said before, about regulation. From this trip, particularly our stops by the seals and Rawhiti Cave, if I've learned one thing, it's that New Zealand does not regulate what people can and cannot do in nature. That's not to say littering is legal--far from it--but rather that in situations where people are confronting unique flora and fauna, like the seals, or adventurous activities, like going in the Rawhiti or Dragons Caves, the onus is on you, the observer or tramper, to make the judgment that you think is correct. Your safety, and nature's, is in your hands to do with it as you wish. And people here take this seriously; New Zealand has an adventurous, outdoorsy society, but not a litigious one, for which I'm very thankful. That's all.

Me = Bad Blogger

Okay, I'll admit it, I've been a bit lackadaisical about posting recently, but how can I be blamed? I wrote two papers this week, and had a bunch of reading to do for a tutorial. That's fair, right? Right.

Anyway, I'll continue the mid-semester break posting again next week, since I'm going to Milford Sound this weekend! It's in Fiordland, one of the most beautiful places on the South Island from everything I've heard (Andrew went there about a month ago and called it 'EPIC'), and even Kiwis love it, as compared to super-touristy Queenstown. See that link for mind-blowingness. And best of all, this is a Butler trip, so it's free. We're making 5-or-so-hour bus journey to Te Anau tonight, then tomorrow we're going on an overnight cruise on the Sound, complete with food, kayaking and all sorts of other goodies.

So yeah, after the weekend look out for some more posts about MSB and now, Fiordland. Sweet.

Dragons Cave and the Pancake Rocks

The next morning, we got up bright and early. The girls went off for a morning walk, leaving me, Andrew and Kelsey to enjoy the the scenery the Pass has to offer from the front porch of the general store. This is when a trip tradition truly began: eating meat pies for breakfast. It may sound a little weird to many of you, but if there's one thing I've grown to appreciate in NZ (besides polypropylene) it's the glory of a good steak & mushroom pie for breakfast. You can get them at nearly any dairy (convenience store) or diner, and there's always one in even the tiniest villages, and they're really convenient, but I'll move on for everyone's sanity.

We made the drive to Greymouth, on the West Coast, and headed to the Wild West Adventure Company for some blackwater cave rafting, which may have been one of the coolest things I've ever done.

The company really treats you right; we all got lots of polypro to go underneath thick wetsuits, and helmets with headlamps. This is serious stuff. Of course we were making a fashion statement. Next we set off on a tramp through some beautiful woods to get to the cave opening, where we assembled for our last moment of dryness for several hours. Then it was into the cave; I was completely awestruck at how cool it was (you can see me brimming with excitement below). The caves in this area are made from sandstone (imagine the sand on the beach being squished together to make a rock) but a ton of stalactites (from the ceiling) and stalagmites (from the ground), which formed from calcium-rich water drops filtering through the caves. It was a geologist's dream.

We clambered over rocks and through the underground stream for a while, and let me tell you, that wetsuit was a lifesaver in that water. At one point we came to a waterfall that's about a 5 foot drop into a bowl-shaped pool of water below - it was questionable, but of course we each got to go down the waterfall and drop into the pool, then our guide pulled us out and snapped some very flattering pictures of us. We continued down the little river in the cave until we reached a sort of underground slot canyon, which was just wide enough to fit innertubes in. From there, we turned off our headlamps and floated down the stream, reaching a wider chamber where we could see hundreds of glowworms - these are gnat larvae that dangle a dozen or so sticky strands from the ceiling to attract insects, and each worm has a little green spot that glows to attract prey. After enjoying a thermos of hot chocolate that our guide provided us, we headed back out, but not before going through the 'Tunnel of Love,' something that rivals the Lemon Squeezer cave in the Lost River (if you've done that) for space, and easily surpasses it in coolness - the rock formations in there were incredible. Also, we got to do a little hydrosliding on the way back (which reminded me a lot of OA at Yosemite):

The excursion ended with a trip back to the Wild West headquarters in Greymouth, where we got to relax and warm up in a hot tub with complementary beer and muffins (interesting combo). I wish I could say more, but this story is just better relayed in person. And check out the pictures (our guide brought a water-safe camera down with us) to get more of the story.

The big sight for the next day was the Pancake Rocks in Punakaiki, about a half hour from Greymouth. They're just really crazy limestone formations, right on the beach. They look so cool because they're in perfectly parallel layers (in between each limestone layer is a thin layer of mudstone) and erode really cool in the surf. Apparently it's unclear why the limestone would form layers like that (normally it doesn't). Despite the heavy geologic themes of the trip so far, not everyone was as analytical about all of this as Andrew and I were, but we did do our best to impress.

Golden Bay is coming up next. Also, I've put up three albums on Picasa, you can see them to the right. I've got all of the other pictures uploaded, I just have to organize them and give them captions, so that'll happen soon.

The Beginning: Arthur's Pass

Alright! I've finally gotten around to posting a little about the trip. I thought the first day was a good place to start. And don't worry, I'm not gonna get all detailed...I'm mostly doing it for some of the pictures.

This first one is from the Moeraki Boulders, which are on the beach only an hour north of Dunedin. We got a bright and early start Friday morning, and amazingly, it was absolutely gorgeous out, so a stop at the beach was perfect. I won't bore you with all the details, but these boulders were always spherical - they're called concretions - so the water didn't have anything to do with shaping them. It just wore them out of the nearby cliff.

Our next little stop was in the town of Springfield, home since July to a giant pink-frosted sprinkled donut. Sadly, there's no movie theatre in this town...a population of 219 will do that. Just goes to show how far the people at the Simpsons Movie were willing to go to promote their film.

Soon we started to climb into the mountains, leaving the terribly flat Canterbury Plains for the Southern Alps. We did well going into the mountains, though, thanks to our trusty rental van...we may have had 7 of us packed in there like sardines, but she was a trooper. All in all we drove just around 1,300 miles in her, and I got to drive almost 1,100 of them. And all but maybe 100 feet on the left side of the road! Not bad.

The village of Arthur's Pass - the highest elevation settlement in New Zealand, at around 3,000 ft - was really cool. Its population is about 50, but it could have been as low as a dozen, since that's all it seemed was necessary to run everything in town - the Mountain House hostel we stayed at, the store next door, the restaurant/tavern across the street, the DoC...not sure what else there was. The hostel was phenomenal, and the manager (who was from Calgary) gave us all a hard time for studying in Dunedin, saying he would turn off the heat in our room and give us puke buckets in our room because that's what us Otago students are supposed to be used to. Crazy.

After we settled into our bunks a little bit, we went for a quick hike to the Devil's Punchbowl waterfalls, a 525 fall. I took this picture at the bottom of the falls, in some of the rapids. I'm a big fan of this one - the sun going down made it come out this way. Incredible. Next up is the Dragons Cave in Greymouth and the Pancake Rocks in Punakaiki.

...and I'm spent

Hey hey! So as you, my many faithful readers, may have noticed, I never really got around to posting at all while I was out on MSB (that's mid-semester break, for the uninitiated) since I was busy having the time of my life. Because of that, I've got heaps of stuff to say/show from break, but obviously no one wants that in one post, so I'm going to post stuff about break in chunks, maybe one for each stop or two that we made along our epic journey.

I'm working on sorting through my 400-plus pictures that I took too, and will be putting them up as my time, bandwidth and patience allow. I've got a couple papers due in the next week, so obviously I'll be procrastinating by putting up as much stuff as I can.

In other news, I'm fighting the urge to be jealous of everyone going back to Pomona, and seeing everyone again...then again, it's a lot easier to do when the highs have been 110 degrees. You read that right.